Look to Military History for Lessons in Crisis Leadership

In these difficult times, we’ve made a number of our coronavirus articles free for all readers. To get all of HBR’s content delivered to your inbox, sign up for the Daily Alert newsletter. In November 2019, before giving a talk on crisis leadership to 15 financial services chief executives, we asked for a show of hands asking how many in the room had experience leading in a crisis. Not a single hand went up. Today, executives everywhere are adapting to the Covid-19 pandemic and an important social justice movement in the U.S. and Europe. Information is changing daily, solutions are unclear, and supplies are often limited. As the CEO of a $50 billion company that operates in more than 100 countries told us, “There is no business playbook for a pandemic.” And decisions bear life or death consequences, as the virus in the U.S. has now taken twice as many lives as the U.S. lost in Vietnam. At the same time, Americans and Westerners are holding companies to a higher standard of social responsibility than ever before. Further Reading Coronavirus: Leadership and Recovery Leadership & Managing People Book 22.95 Add to Cart Save Share So where can today’s business leaders facing multiple crises at the same time turn to for answers? For thousands of years, military leaders have experienced challenges of this magnitude, and if operating today sometimes feels like “the fog of war,” we can usefully turn to lessons from some of history’s most effective military leaders for insight to our pressing peacetime challenges: Be decisive. Many business leaders today are facing some of the toughest challenges they have ever known. Whole businesses will have to be restructured. Millions are losing jobs. Business leaders can learn from one of the first lessons taught in the military: Don’t dwell on your losses. For example, in 1812, after Napoleon invaded Russia, the celebrated Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov knew that strategically he had to abandon Moscow to the French, who looted and burned the spiritual capital of Russia, in order to regroup and fight Napoleon from a position of strength, which he did, successfully. Be in the trenches. Great military leaders fight side by side with their soldiers as Hannibal did in the Second Punic War. The Duke of Wellington is said to have remarked that Napoleon’s very presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 fighting men. Be agile. When Winston Churchill became prime minister in May of 1940, he attacked the slow-moving British war bureaucracy by printing red “ACTION THIS DAY” labels, which he personally pasted to many documents he dispatched. Napoleon was famous for his laser-focused planning and obsession with time management. But Wellington beat Napoleon at Waterloo with agility — he famously moved constantly among the troops, repositioning whole armies on the fly. Lead with confidence. Mood is everything. In a pandemic, workers and their families are on the front line, the CEO included. Great military leaders know they must lead with confidence underpinned by optimism. At Agincourt, when many other commanders would have chosen to retreat, confident in his strategy and buttressed by his investment in new technology (the more accurate and powerful long bow),Henry V turned and faced an army three times his size. He had utter confidence in his team — “The Band of Brothers” memorialized by Shakespeare — and was victorious. Communicate to inspire. Wartime leaders know that communicating transmits vital information and strengthens resolve. “Churchill mobilized the English language and sent it into battle,” the great World War II CBS correspondent Edward R. Murrow reported from London. Napoleon sent pithy daily, uplifting dispatches to the troops, which built morale. Too much communication, however, can also be a problem. During Vietnam, the U.S. military flooded inboxes with long communiques, many of which were labelled urgent. (There was even a category above urgent, called “superflash.”) Bogged down by too many urgent memos, the result was predictable confusion rather than clarity. Move leaders and tasks rapidly. In war, some leaders rise to the occasion. Military leaders give more and more command to those who succeed, promoting them quickly up the ranks and expanding their responsibilities. Those struggling are not fired, but their workload is reduced, and step-by-step instruction is given until they are effective. In this way, all leaders perform at their peak. Napoleon, Prussian Field Marshal Helmuth Von Moltke, and German General Erich Ludendorff all gave considerable latitude to their leading commanders and were quick to promote those who proved victorious. Rest the troops. Military leaders may not take time off — during the six years of World War II, Churchill took eight vacation days (and even then, he read his daily dispatches). At Waterloo, Wellington slept for only 9 hours during the 90-hours battle. But soldiers in the field need food, rest, leisure, pay, and entertainment. During the Revolutionary War, Washington chose to rest his troops at Valley Forge, directly defying demands from Congress to attack the British in Philadelphia. While hardly a vacation, Valley Forge was a place to rest and regroup (and Washington could not have known how fierce the winter would be). During the Second World War, the USO arranged for entertainers like Bob Hope and countless others to perform before American soldiers to boost their morale. As we all work harder than ever during Covid-19, many of us glued to Zoom and a variety of screens, leaders need to make sure employees are rested, that weekends exist (if they’re not reinvented), and that, as summer approaches, ways are found to provide vital vacation time. At the heart of managerial leadership is strategy, and the word strategy itself comes from “Strategos,” the Greek word for general. Now, as leaders turn to the hard job of safely re-opening their workplaces, salvaging and strengthening their businesses, and motivating their teams, they must lock-in the lessons learned from crisis and build a new management paradigm, one characterized by decisiveness, working side-by-side, agility, optimism, inspiring communication, more fluid work assignment, and enhanced work life balance. As they are planning, however, we would all be wise to remember Eisenhower’s helpful caution about strategy itself that “Plans mean little; planning is everything.” If our content helps you to contend with coronavirus and other challenges, please consider subscribing to HBR. A subscription purchase is the best way to support the creation of these resources.

Look to Military History for Lessons in Crisis Leadership

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